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Goldman Sachs economists and experts share insights on macro trends shaping the global economy. Learn More
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Allison Nathan of Goldman Sachs Research dives into macro developments that are top of mind for investors, executives and policymakers. Learn More
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EUV 3.0: High NA a prime Digital Enabler for the next decade
In this report, Goldman Sachs Research analysts explore High NA, the next generation of Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUV). The $600bn global semiconductor market is estimated to reach over $1trn by 2030 and Goldman Sachs Research sees High NA as a key European Digital Enabler as it will be critical in the advancement of smaller and more powerful chips, required to power leading edge technologies such as AI, high-performance computing (HPC) and autonomous driving.
Top Projects 2023: Back to growth
Goldman Sachs Research’s 20th edition of its annual review of top assets in global oil and gas production signals a turning point in the oil & gas capex cycle, as higher returns and a renewed sense of urgency around security of supply bring the industry back to growth.
GS SUSTAIN: Green Capex - What's on Track and Spare Capacity
Goldman Sachs Research refreshes its analysis of what’s on track and continues to see private sector Green Capex per year $0.9 tn higher this decade vs. the 2016-20 annual run rate, though with lower but still substantial spare capacity among publicly-traded companies for additional investment.
Global Metals & Mining: Direct Lithium Extraction – A potential game changing technology
Goldman Sachs Research analysts explore the progress, economics, and implications of DLE being implemented at scale, with increasing relevance in the context of Chile's recent National Lithium Policy.
GS SUSTAIN: Biodiversity – Next Steps Post COP 15
In this report, Goldman Sachs research analysts identify eight targets included in the final agreement from COP 15 that they think could have the most impact driving the global conversation around nature restoration and conservation moving forward.
2023 Commodity Outlook: An Underinvested Supercycle
Just as commodity markets have been dominated by the dollar in 2022, Goldman Sachs Commodities analysts expect them to be shaped by underinvestment in 2023.
The Path to 2075 — Slower Global Growth, But Convergence Remains Intact
Two decades since Goldman Sachs Research first set out long-term growth projections for the BRICs economies, GS Research economists update and expand those projections to cover 104 countries out to 2075 and identify four major themes for the global economy.
2023 US Economic Outlook: Approaching a Soft Landing
The key macroeconomic question of the year has been whether inflationary overheating can be reversed without a recession. Analysis from Goldman Sachs Research economists suggests that the answer is yes—an extended period of below-potential growth can gradually reverse labor market overheating and bring down wage growth and ultimately inflation, providing a feasible if challenging path to a soft landing.
Japan Economics 2023 Outlook: Focus on Wage Growth and BOJ Leadership Change
While our Goldman Sachs Research economists expect Japan’s real GDP growth to slow to 1.3% in 2023, from 1.5% in 2022, they look for growth to continue to outpace its potential. Consumption is likely to directly benefit from economic reopening, and they also expect capex to remain firm on the back of pent-up demand, labor shortages due both to demographics and reopening, and supply chain rebuilding.
Asia Views: 2023 Outlook: Inflation Peaks and Growth Troughs
Economic growth is likely to start 2023 on the weak side across most of the Asia-Pacific, according to Goldman Sachs Research economists, as a fading reopening boost, slowing global manufacturing cycle, and past monetary tightening weigh on activity. As these headwinds fade and China’s reopening gets underway, they expect growth to reaccelerate. While most of our economists’ GDP forecasts are a little below consensus for 2023 as a whole, they are more positive on second-half growth, particularly in China.
China 2023 Outlook: After Winter Comes Spring
After a very challenging 2022, Goldman Sachs Research economists expect China GDP growth to accelerate from 3.0% this year to 4.5% next year on the back of China’s potential exit from its zero-Covid policy, which they assume will start shortly after the “Two Sessions” in March. China’s reopening would imply a strong consumption rebound, firming core inflation, and gradually normalizing cyclical policies in 2023.
2023 Europe Outlook: Milder Recession, Higher Terminal Rate
Goldmans Sachs Research economists maintain their long-held view that the energy crisis will push the European economy into recession this winter, as surveys and production data point to a sizeable slowing in energy-intensive industries, and high inflation will reduce real household incomes. But they now see a shallower recession as the hard data have remained surprisingly resilient, the rebalancing of the gas market has reduced the risk of energy rationing and governments have provided significant fiscal support.
GS Sustain: SFDR Updates - Latest Flows, Guidance, Views, and a Framework for Sustainable Investments
Given nearly all assets are moving towards Article 8 and 9 funds in Europe, Goldman Sachs Research analysts see an overly strict interpretation of SFDR risks exacerbating a 'Divestment Dilemma.' SFDR continues to drive flows and the transition of non-ESG funds towards ESG (Article 8 and 9) funds as managers find it increasingly difficult to market Article 6 (non-ESG) funds in Europe. Contrary to headlines highlighting trends in downgrades of funds from Article 9 to 8, GS Research analysts see more upgrades from Article 8 to 9 funds vs. their prior assessment. Goldman Sachs Research shares its latest views and interpretations of SFDR and establish a framework for 'Sustainable Investments.'
GS Sustain: Biodiversity - Assessing the Financial Links to Natural Capital
Biodiversity is the cornerstone around which most sustainability objectives sit and an area to which we think corporates and investors will likely pay increased attention in order to meet sustainability goals. In this report, Goldman Sachs Research analysts review the three catalysts they believe are needed to potentially increase investment in biodiversity over time.
Music in the Air
In this report, Goldman Sachs Research analysts address the most recent commonly asked questions: (i) Has music streaming penetration peaked? (ii) How is music spend affected by a macro downturn? (iii) How to size the monetization opportunity from emerging platforms? and (iv) What is the outlook for catalogue spend?
The Energy Affordability Crisis: Quantification, Solutions, Implications
Goldman Sachs Research analysts believe that the Energy Crisis, in particular affordability, has reached a tipping point that likely requires significant policy intervention. At current forward prices Goldman Sachs Research analysts estimate that energy bills will peak early next year at c.€500/month for a typical European family, implying a c.200% increase vs. 2021.
GS Sustain: Telecoms - The Fibre & 5G Decarbonisation Debate
Goldman Sachs Research analysts see fibre and 5G as critical technologies necessary to reducing the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) sector's overall carbon footprint and enabling low-carbon technologies across the broader economy.
Why a Recession Would Likely Be Mild
The US economy has about a one in three chance of slipping into recession by the middle of 2023, according to Goldman Sachs Research economists. They believe that any post-Covid US recession would likely be mild, with a limited increase in the unemployment rate of around 1 percentage point. This would be unprecedented in postwar US history, though recessions with similarly limited increases have occurred in other G10 economies, such as Germany and Canada.
China Agriculture: Addressing China Food Security - Revolution of Tradition
As food supply faces increasing challenges due to cyclical and disruptive factors, and structurally heightened risks from climate change, Goldman Sachs Research analysts view agriculture efficiency as an essential part of the long-term solution for food security. And for China, much can be done in revolutionizing the efficiency as smarter agriculture thrives.
Carbonomics: Re-Imagining Europe's Energy System
Can Europe strengthen its energy independence in the face of the Russia-Ukraine crisis without compromising its climate change goals? Goldman Sachs Research uses its Carbonomics framework to model the evolution of Europe’s energy system towards a lower cost, lower imports, lower carbon system.
Revisiting Recession Facts
Goldman Sachs Research analysts estimate that the risk of the economy entering a recession in the next year is 30% in the US, 40% in the Euro area, and 45% in the UK. In this report, they revisit key facts about the frequency and severity of recessions by analyzing 77 recessions in advanced economies since 1961.
Green Capex: Greenflation, Returns and Opportunity
Green Capex will be the dominant driver of global infrastructure over the next decade and will be critical for achieving Net Zero, Infrastructure and Clean Water goals. In this report, Goldman Sachs Research analysts explore rising capex and R&D expectations, and consider government commitments to increase or stimulate Green Capex.
Batteries: The Greenflation Challenge II
In this report, Goldman Sachs Research analysts discuss six key topics about greenflation that are relevant to investors and increase their battery pack price forecasts.
Battery Metals Watch: The End of the Beginning
Goldman Sachs Research analysts argue that the battery metals bull market has peaked. With climate change being top of mind, investors are fully aware that battery metals will play a crucial role in the 21st century global economy, just as bulk and base metals did before them.
The Economics of Algorithmic Stablecoins
GS Research analysts examine the major drop in cryptocurrency prices and how digital asset markets have been dominated by volatility in stablecoins (cryptocurrencies intended to be pegged 1:1 with fiat currencies, most commonly the US Dollar). While these assets are fairly new, many of the economic issues affecting stablecoins will be familiar to FX market participants and other investors.
ESG of the Future: A Forward Look at Corporate Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Potential ESG Improvers
Goldman Sachs Research expects increased focus on corporate emissions of greenhouse gases as ESG markets become more forward-looking and in response to both rising regulations including proposals from the SEC and carbon pricing considerations.
GS Sustain: The Evolution Towards a Circular Economy
The need to move towards a Circular Economy – one in which consumption of ecological resources is equal to or less than what the planet can regenerate – has been discussed for years but not sufficiently deployed. However, we see three catalysts that can push forward deployment of Circular Economy solutions, which, based on a World Economic Forum study, could potentially unlock $1 tn of annual materials savings.
Green Metals: Nickel's Class Divide
Nickel now sits at the intersection of Europe’s push for decarbonisation and energy independence. With Europe’s domestic EV sector already favouring nickel-based batteries, nickel is set to benefit the most from politically motivated demand accelerating already rapid growth in nickel battery use.
Green Metals: Copper is the New Oil
The critical role copper will play in achieving the Paris climate goals cannot be overstated. As the most cost-effective conductive material, copper sits at the heart of capturing, storing and transporting these new sources of energy.
ESG Regulations: US SEC Proposes Major New Climate Disclosure Requirements
The GS SUSTAIN team believes that 2022 will be a watershed year for ESG-related capital markets regulation in the US. The climate disclosure rule proposal from the SEC on 21 March 2022 opens the door for the broadest federally mandated corporate ESG data disclosure requirement ever in the US.
Batteries: The Greenflation Challenge
Ever-increasing demand, component shortages and rising raw material prices are now challenging the long-standing consensus that battery prices will continue to decline in the coming decade. To assess the impact of this “Greenflation” and potential supply chain bottlenecks ahead, Goldman Sachs Research introduces a proprietary battery pack price and cost curve model, supply-demand models across battery components and a bear case battery TAM scenario.
Electric Vehicles: What's Next VII: Confronting Greenflation
In this report, the seventh installment of our Electric Vehicles: What’s Next series, analysts from Goldman Sachs Research outline their new forecast for a slower pace of decline for automotive battery prices through 2025, and they consider the outlook for the EV and automotive battery markets under three scenarios (bear, base, and hyper-adoption).
Oil: Squaring Russia's Missing Barrels
Escalating military conflict in Ukraine and the growing realization that imposed sanctions could meaningfully and sustainably reduce Russian exports, even with carve-outs for energy trade, has resulted in oil prices surging to their highest level since 2008. Given Russia’s key role in global energy supply, the global economy could soon be faced with one of the largest energy supply shocks ever. Goldman Sachs Research builds three scenarios in an attempt to provide an estimate of where oil prices are heading.
Global Markets Daily: How Much Risk is Priced into Global Assets Now?
The invasion of Ukraine and the escalating sanctions on Russia continue to be the dominant driver of markets. Before the start of military action, Goldman Sachs Research estimated how much geopolitical risk premium was priced into a range of global assets and estimated how those assets might move in the case of either a full de-escalation or a version of a scenario where risks flared into outright conflict.
Moving to Seven Rate Hikes in 2022
Following the strong CPI print on February 10th, Goldman Sachs Research is raising their Fed forecast to include seven consecutive 25bp rate hikes at each of the remaining FOMC meetings in 2022 (vs. five hikes in 2022 previously). They continue to expect the FOMC to hike three more times at a gradual once-per-quarter pace in 2023Q1-Q3 and to reach the same terminal rate of 2.5-2.75%, but earlier.
EU Taxonomy - Progress on the Journey to Alignment
The EU Taxonomy is ramping up to become the “common green standard” used to credentialize companies’ green revenue and capex as well as investors’ green investments. With the initial climate phase having taken effect, Goldman Sachs Research sees 2022 becoming a critical period of experimentation and engagement between investors and corporates around disclosures and alignment-estimation models leading up to full Taxonomy application from January 1, 2023.
Electrify Now: The rise of Power in European Economies
While previous Goldman Sachs Research has focused on the 2050 net zero end game, here they explore a more immediate, more tangible topic; one that is poised to revolutionize European economies and our everyday lives: the urgency of electrification.
Asia Economics Analyst: Ten questions for 2022
Regional growth will decelerate this year, but should remain above trend in many economies.
Investing in EM Womenomics
Recent years have seen a surge in investing with social and environmental impact in mind, including across emerging markets. One aspect of social impact investing concerns the role of women in the economy – or Womenomics. To assess how investing based on Womenomics can impact investment returns, Goldman Sachs Research constructed a Womenomics Index across emerging markets sovereign debt based on five factors: education, labour, agency, women in power and health.
Carbonomics: The Dual Action of Capital Markets Transforms the Net Zero Cost Curve
In this report Goldman Sachs Research examines how capital markets' deep engagement in sustainability is driving de-carbonization through a divergence in the cost of capital of high carbon vs. low carbon investments.
Outlook 2022: The Long Road to Higher Rates
Goldman Sachs Research says the fastest pace of the recovery now lies behind us, but there are reasons for optimism on global growth heading into 2022.
Carbonomics: Taking the Temperature of European Corporates - An Implied Temperature Rise (ITR) Toolkit
In this report Goldman Sachs Research leverages their Carbonomics Net Zero Paths to gauge the implied temperature rise of corporate de-carbonization through the lenses of >110 corporates in the 15 most carbon intensive sectors of the European market.
EM Ex-China as a Separate Equity Asset Class
With a strengthening debate among investors for splitting an emerging market (EM) mandate into China and EM ex-China strategies, given China’s significant market size, its rising dominance in the EM benchmark and idiosyncratic factors such as geopolitics and regulatory policy that could affect its performance, Goldman Sachs Research discusses the implications for investors and portfolio allocations.
Green Capex: Making Infrastructure Happen
Goldman Sachs Research believes Green Capex will be the dominant driver of global infrastructure over the next decade, with $6 trillion of investment needed annually to decarbonize the world, address water needs and shore up transportation and other critical systems.
Indian Equities: Digital Transformation as Private Goes Public
The number of “unicorns” has surged in India in recent years, enabled by the rise of the internet ecosystem, availability of private capital and a favorable regulatory environment. Goldman Sachs Research expects the IPO pipeline to remain robust over the next 12-24 months, with market cap increasing from US$3.5tn currently to over US$5tn by 2024, making India the 5th largest market by capitalization.
Black Womenomics: Investing in the Underinvested
Goldman Sachs research has shown that one of the fastest ways to accelerate change and effectively begin to address the racial wealth gap is to listen to and invest in Black women. Our Black Womenomics research focuses on the wealth gap, its relationship with these economic disadvantages, and the public and private investment opportunities to help close these gaps.
Q&A on Womenomics: Where is Europe now?
As progress on female representation at executive levels continues, Goldman Sachs Research reviews some of the key questions encountered in response to its research.
Carbonomics: China Net Zero - The Clean Tech Revolution
China’s pledge to achieve net zero carbon by 2060 represents two-thirds of the c.48% of global emissions from countries that have pledged net zero, and could transform China's economy, starting with the 14th Five-Year Plan.
Carbonomics: 10 Key Themes From the Inaugural Conference
Goldman Sachs Research hosted its first Carbonomics conference in London on November 12, focused on the de-carbonization trends and technologies currently transforming all major industries. The virtual conference convened approximately 5,000 investors, company managers, regulators and industry experts, with speakers and panelists including 30 CEOs of leading corporates and key policymakers.
Carbonomics: Innovation, Deflation, and Affordable De-carbonization
Net zero is becoming more affordable as technological and financial innovation, supported by policy, are flattening the de-carbonization cost curve. Goldman Sachs Research updates its 2019 Carbonomics cost curve to reflect innovation across c.100 different technologies to de-carbonize power, mobility, buildings, agriculture and industry, and draw three key conclusions.
Womenomics: Europe Moving Ahead
In Europe there are some tantalising signs of progress on women’s contribution to the economy: most notably, participation rates for women in the workforce have risen dramatically and continue to move up. In many European countries they are now above rates in the US.
The Corporate Commotion - A Rising Presence of ESG in Earnings Calls
Since Goldman Sachs Research's report A Revolution Rising - From low chatter to loud roar (April 2018), a virtuous cycle of ESG adoption has continued, driven by consumers, employees, regulators, corporates, NGOs and investors, leading to ESG strategy becoming a critical component of corporate & investor conversations. This report revisits our analysis using earnings transcript analysis tools to track the development of ESG themes over the past 5 years among global corporates in the S&P 500, STOXX 600 and ASX 200.
Green Hydrogen: The Next Transformational Driver of the Utilities Industry
Green hydrogen looks poised to become a once-in-a-generation opportunity: Goldman Sachs Research estimates it could give rise to a €10 trillion addressable market globally by 2050 for the Utilities industry alone.
Carbonomics: The Green Engine of Economic Recovery
Clean tech has a major role to play in the upcoming economic recovery. Leveraging our Carbonomics cost curve, we estimate that clean tech has the potential to drive US$1-2 tn pa of green infrastructure investments and create 15-20 mn jobs worldwide, through public-private collaboration.
Measuring the Reopening of America: Moving to a ‘2’
Following our first five weeks in the series, GS Research continues to monitor the reopening of America, as cities and states across the U.S. begin to reopen at different paces and with different processes in place.
Measuring the Reopening of America: Signs of Progress
Following our first two weeks in the series, GS Research continues to monitor the reopening of America, as cities and states across the U.S. begin to reopen at different paces and with different processes in place.
Measuring the Reopening of America: Introducing the Reopening Scale
With cities and states across the US beginning to reopen, Goldman Sachs Research has introduced a new weekly tracker to help gauge progress in a wide range of consumer and business segments.
Carbonomics: The Future of Energy in the Age of Climate Change
Climate change is re-shaping the energy industry through technological innovation and capital markets’ pressure.
Closing the Gender Gaps 2.0: Fresh Data Show More Work to Do
The latest gender pay gap analysis from the Global Markets Institute reveals that the unexplainable share of the wage gap has increased — a sign there’s more work to be done. Read Report